Planetary masses are crucial quantities in the field of exoplanet studies. Mass determines whether an object can be classified as a planet, it guides the analysis of the dynamics of planetary systems, and it models our prior information about the physical and chemical properties of exoplanets, from the interior composition to atmospheric features. The fundamental

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Correlation functions are the building blocks in quantum field theory, from which any physical observable can be (in principle) calculated. In a theory with gauge symmetry, however, correlation functions are not physical objects themselves, being dependent on the particular gauge fixing prescription. A novel approach is presented, which allows to separately calculate, within the class of

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